By Belle Beems Assistant professors at Leiden University, Europa Institute, Department of Public Law. Following the ASCOLA declaration of interests, the author declares no conflicting interests. On 9 October 2025, the European Commission and the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) published a draft of their Joint Guidelines on the Interplay between the Digital Markets Act and […]
The CMA Shows Its Hand: Four Conduct Requirements for Google
The Competition and Markets Authority has published its first proposed conduct requirements under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, marking a milestone in UK digital markets regulation. Following Google’s Strategic Market Status designation in October 2025, the CMA has issued four consultations addressing distinct concerns within Google’s general search services ecosystem. These proposals […]